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Research

Hand over the question. Keep the judgment.

LegalGita plans the research, sends specialists out in parallel and reconciles what they find into one answer you can check line by line.

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Specialists answering a question on a foreign award against a PSU

Watch the work happen. Every specialist shows what it is reading and why, so you never wait on a black box.

How an answer is researched

Every question goes through the same seven stages, the checks a careful junior would make, run on every source in code.

  1. A foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU
    Section 48, Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996Conditions for enforcement of foreign awardsIndia Code
    Section 46, Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996When a foreign award is bindingIndia Code
    Order VII Rule 11, Code of Civil Procedure, 1908Rejection of plaintIndia Code
    1

    It grounds the law first

    Before it searches, it reads the provisions in issue from India Code and the e-Gazette, and pairs any repealed IPC, CrPC or Evidence Act section with its successor.

  2. A foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU
    Case lawenforcement of foreign award against a public sector undertaking, Section 48
    Court sitessuit for declaration that the contract is void, pending Section 48 objections
    Legal pressanti-enforcement injunction, Delhi High Court, 2026
    Case lawpublic policy under Explanation 1 to Section 48(2)(b) after 2015
    Open webPSU foreign award, suit and enforcement running together
    2

    It plans the search

    For each issue in the question, searches across the case-law index, the courts' own sites, the legal press and the open web. One always stays open, to find what nobody thought to name.

  3. A foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU
    Bharat Aluminium Co v. Kaiser Aluminium4 links, counted once
    Campos Brothers Farms v. Matru Bhumi
    Gemini Bay v. Integrated Sales

    Bars, left to right: agreement, authority, recency, own copy, provision.

    3

    It ranks in code

    Results are ranked on five signals: how many searches found them, the court's place in the hierarchy, recency, the court's own copy over a mirror, and whether the provision appears.

  4. A foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU
    Context graph: each case against each issue
    The suitAnti-suitPublic policy
    Bharat Aluminium (BALCO)
    Vijay Karia––
    Campos Brothers
    Venture GlobalAgainst––
    Bharat Aluminium bears on all three issues, so the answer is built around it
    Venture Global cuts against the suit, and Bharat Aluminium overruled it
    Anti-suit options have only weak support, and the answer says so
    4

    It builds a context graph

    Every ranked case is linked to the issues it bears on, and to the cases it follows or overrules. The graph shows at a glance a case that settles several issues, an issue with only weak support, or a case that helps on one point and hurts on another.

  5. A foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU
    Starts from the context graph
    Bharat Aluminium Co v. Kaiser AluminiumPublic policy
    Vijay Karia v. Prysmian Cavi E SistemiPublic policy
    Campos Brothers Farms v. Matru BhumiThe suit
    Rescored after reading, with the weights changed in the graph
    The answer is written from the final graph, within each issue and across them
    5

    It reads, then re-weighs the graph

    An assessor starts from the context graph and reads the relevant sources in full. It then rescores each one and changes its weight in the graph. The answer is written from the final graph in two ways: within each issue, to see which case leads and which is doubtful, and across issues, to find the case that anchors several, the issue with weak support and the case that cuts both ways.

  6. A foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU
    Bharat Aluminium Co v. Kaiser AluminiumRelied on
    Found on the Supreme Court's own site
    Judgment exists as cited: (2012) 9 SCC 552
    Later treatment: followed, not overruled
    6

    It checks each case still stands

    Every case the answer relies on is traced to the court's own site, confirmed to exist as cited, and checked for what happened to it later.

  7. A foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU
    "In one proceeding … the court enforcing a foreign award can deal with the entire matter."Supreme Court
    Quotation matches Fuerst Day Lawson word for word
    Link opens the passage it came from
    A case cited from memory, with no source opened for itRemoved
    7

    It cites only what it read

    A citation can only point to a source it opened, and every quotation must match that source word for word. Anything it cannot back is taken out.

Zero fabrication. Zero hallucination.

The writer can't type a case name or a citation. Every one you see was filled in from a source it read, and every quotation was checked word for word.

  1. Writing the answer: a foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU
    What the writer produces

    A Section 34 challenge to a foreign-seated award is not availableSource 1.

    "In one proceeding … the court enforcing a foreign award can deal with the entire matter"Source 4.

    A res-judicata-type bar "could, in a given case" fall under clause (d)Source 12.

    A later Division Bench has doubted thisSource 9.

    No case names, no citations, no courts. Only tags pointing to sources it read.

    1

    It can't type a case name

    Every source the research read gets a tag, like Source 1. The writer can only point to those tags, so it has no way to write a case name, a citation or a court itself.

  2. Writing the answer: a foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU
    Source 1Bharat Aluminium Co v. Kaiser Aluminium(2012) 9 SCC 552Supreme Court of India
    Source 4Fuerst Day Lawson v. Jindal Exports(2001) 6 SCC 356Supreme Court of India
    Source 12Campos Brothers Farms v. Matru BhumiDelhi High Court, 5 May 2026Delhi High Court

    A Section 34 challenge to a foreign-seated award is not available after Bharat Aluminium Co v. Kaiser AluminiumSupreme Court of India.

    2

    Citations are filled in from the source

    Before you see the answer, each tag is replaced with the case name, citation and court taken from the source itself, and linked to the passage it relies on.

  3. Writing the answer: a foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU
    Quotation matches Fuerst Day Lawson word for wordSource 4
    "could, in a given case" found in the Campos Brothers judgmentSource 12
    Each link opens the court's own copy at the quoted passageSource 1

    Dates and figures must appear in the passage they are quoted from. Links must have come back from a court or a search.

    3

    Every quotation is checked

    Each quotation must match its source word for word. Dates and figures must appear in the passage they come from. Links must have come back from a court or a search.

  4. Writing the answer: a foreign-seated award against an Indian PSU

    A later Division Bench has doubted thisSource 9.

    Source 9 is not a source this answer read, so the sentence is taken out.
    Bharat Aluminium Co v. Kaiser Aluminiumkept
    Fuerst Day Lawson v. Jindal Exportskept
    Campos Brothers Farms v. Matru Bhumikept
    4

    What cannot be backed is removed

    A tag that points to no source, a quotation that does not match, a link nobody returned: each is taken out of the answer, not flagged and left in.

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Law as it stands today

A full database of statutes, Acts and rules, cited from the official text word for word, never from what a model remembers.

  1. Statutes database: Acts and rules, in full
    Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996ActFull text
    Code of Civil Procedure, 1908ActFull text
    Specific Relief Act, 1963ActFull text
    Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023ActFull text
    Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014RulesFull text
    Delhi High Court (Original Side) Rules, 2018RulesFull text
    1

    The official text, word for word

    Every provision is read from the full text of the Act or rule in our statutes database, and quoted exactly as it is printed.

  2. Statutes database: Acts and rules, in full
    1Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, Section 46
    Read from the official text
    Any foreign award which would be enforceable under this Chapter shall be treated as binding for all purposes on the persons as between whom it was made, and may accordingly be relied on by any of those persons by way of defence, set off or otherwise in any legal proceedings in India …
    Quoted exactly as printed in the Act
    Linked to the page it came from
    2

    Never from memory

    An answer cites the text it opened, with a link to the page it came from, instead of relying on what a model learnt in training.

  3. Statutes database: Acts and rules, in full
    India CodeActs and their amended text, searched againAlways on
    e-GazetteNew notifications, rules and amendments read as they are publishedAlways on
    Statutes databaseThe new text replaces the old, with the date it took effect
    3

    Watched for amendments

    A pipeline keeps searching India Code and the e-Gazette, so amendments, new rules and notifications reach the database as they are published.

Keep exploring.

Court Intelligence

Courts' daily orders, read for how each bench actually rules.

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Docket

Store, search and share case files. Scans in Indian scripts are read in full.

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Matters

One workspace per client matter, with review tables across every document.

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Tracker

Your Delhi High Court and Supreme Court cases, checked twice a day, with a reminder before every listing.

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